Nutritional composition, ethnobotanical uses and pollinator fauna of Madhuca longifolia: A systematic review

Abstract:

Madhuca longifolia is an important multipurpose forest tree widely distributed in the subtropical regions of the Indian subcontinent and holds substantial nutritional, cultural, and ecological value for forest-dependent and tribal communities. The species is traditionally utilized for food, medicine, and non-food applications, while also playing a key role in sustaining insect biodiversity. This systematic review synthesizes available literature on the nutritional composition of M. longifolia, its ethnobotanical uses, and associated pollinator fauna. Published studies were identified through major scientific databases and screened following systematic review principles. The nutritional profile of mahua flowers, fruits, and seeds reveals high levels of carbohydrates, sugars, lipids, proteins, minerals, and bioactive compounds, supporting their role in food security and traditional diets. Ethnobotanical evidence highlights extensive use of different plant parts in indigenous medicine, fermentation, oil extraction, and cultural practices. Additionally, M. longifolia serves as a critical nectar and pollen source for diverse pollinators, particularly fruit bats and other insects, during periods of floral scarcity, thereby supporting pollination services, forest apiculture, and ecosystem stability. 
The review highlights Madhuca longifolia as a nutritionally valuable and ethnobotanically significant forest resource, with important implications for pollinator conservation and the sustainable development of tribal communities. It also focuses on the ecological significance of plant–pollinator interactions and their indirect contribution to seed production and livelihood enhancement.